Resources include AIA contract documents, handbooks, guidelines, and MasterSpec. Western Wood Products Association, representing Western lumber manufacturers. Carbon dioxide chemical formula CO 2 is a colorless gas with a density about 50 higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently. Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like. Lighting Wikipedia. Illuminated cherry blossoms, light from the shop windows, and Japanese lantern at night in Ise, Mie, Japan. Low intensity lighting and haze in a concert hall allows laser effects to be visible. Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting using windows, skylights, or light shelves is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. BICSI staff and volunteers assist ITS professionals in delivering critical products and services, and offer opportunities for continual improvement and enhanced. SAM. gov The System for Award Management SAM is the Official U. S. Government system that consolidated the capabilities of CCRFedReg, ORCA, and EPLS. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INVESTIGATION Client Name City, State Prepared for Client Site Name, Address Prepared by Parks Environmental Consulting, Inc. CONTENTS ANSIASHRAE Standard 62. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality SECTION. PAGE. Foreword. HistoryeditThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. November 2. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 4. 00,0. BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiberwick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps hollow worked stones have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern day France, dating to about 1. AAALAC INTERNATIONALS ASSESSMENT PROCESS. AAALAC Internationals Three Primary Standards I just read in an AAALAC announcement that accreditation assessments will. Oily animals birds and fish were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of light fixture. A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil. The use of whale oil declined after Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, first refined kerosene in the 1. In the 1. 85. 0s, the price of whale oil dramatically increased more than doubling from 1. By 1. 86. 0, there were 3. United States, and Americans spent more on gas and kerosene than on whale oil. The final death knell for whale oil was in 1. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about in the 1. Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. FixtureseditLighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the bulb to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvins of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. A demonstration of the effects of different kinds of lighting. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Task lighting is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated, for purposes such as reading or inspection of materials. For example, reading poor quality reproductions may require task lighting levels up to 1. Accent lighting is mainly decorative, intended to highlight pictures, plants, or other elements of interior design or landscaping. Program Laporan Keuangan Excel. General lighting sometimes referred to as ambient light fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of an area. Indoors, this would be a basic lamp on a table or floor, or a fixture on the ceiling. Outdoors, general lighting for a parking lot may be as low as 1. Manual De Logistica De Paletizacion. MethodseditDownlighting is most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. This tends to be the most used method, used in both offices and homes. Although it is easy to design it has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of fittings. The introduction of LED lighting has greatly improved this by approx. LED lamps or bulbs are now available to retro fit in place of high energy consumption lamps. Uplighting is less common, often used to bounce indirect light off the ceiling and back down. It is commonly used in lighting applications that require minimal glare and uniform general illuminance levels. Uplighting indirect uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a space and can minimize disabling glare on computer displays and other dark glossy surfaces. It gives a more uniform presentation of the light output in operation. However indirect lighting is completely reliant upon the reflectance value of the surface. While indirect lighting can create a diffused and shadow free light effect it can be regarded as an uneconomical lighting principle. Front lighting is also quite common, but tends to make the subject look flat as its casts almost no visible shadows. Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends to produce glare near eye level. Backlighting either around or through an object is mainly for accent. Wall mounted light with shadows. Forms of lightingeditIndoor lightingeditForms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting first available at the 1. Worlds Fair or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting. Soffit or close to wall lighting can be general or a decorative wall wash, sometimes used to bring out texture like stucco or plaster on a wall, though this may also show its defects as well. The effect depends heavily on the exact type of lighting source used.